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发表于 2016-7-30 10:49:40
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He Builds with a Really Tough Material: Paper
There are a few ineluctable facts about buildings. They are expensive, time consuming and labor intensive to make. They are expensive, time consuming and labor intensive to make. They are strongest if built from the sturdiest materials. Well, no, on all counts.
Japanese architect Shigeru Ban first turned to paper tubes because they were cheap but then discovered they had other qualities too: strength, recyclability and, most improbably, beauty. He has built homes, pavilions and churches, some of them permanent, using little more than cardboard tubes. “I was interested in weak materials,” says Ban, 42. “Whenever we invent a new material or new structural system, a new architecture comes out of it.” Ironically, Ban may be closer to the old modernist ideals than many who build today in glass and steel. He wants beauty to be attainable by the masses, even the poorest.
Ban first began to use the tubes in the ’80s, in exhibitions. Impressed by the material’s load-bearing capacity (he calls cardboard “improved wood”), he thought of them again in 1995, after the Kobe earthquake, and used donated 34-ply tubes to build a community hall and houses. Working with the United Nations, Ban has shipped paper log houses to Turkey and Rwanda. “Refugee shelter has to be beautiful,” he says. “Psychologically, refugees are damaged. They have to stay in nice places.”
But it’s not all about utility. Ban has managed to turn ugly-duckling cardboard into some gorgeous swans. The Japanese pavilion he created for this year’s EXPO 2000 in Hannover, Germany, is a huge undulating grid of paper tubes enclosed, like a covered wagon, with a paper canopy. An eight-ton, 27-m-long lattice arch of tubes currently swoops over the garden at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, casting a thatch of even changing shadows.
Ban’s designs touch the earth lightly in more ways than one. After EXPO 2000, his pavilion will be shipped to a recycling center to be returned to the pulp from whence it came. Just try that with bricks.
新型建材：纸
构房建屋中有一些无法避免的事实：花费昂贵，耗时不少，还需大量人力。用的建筑材料越结实耐用，建筑物就越能坚固历久。但事实并不尽然。
日本建筑师伴茂（音译）最初把注意力转向纸质管材是因为它们价廉，但后来发现它还有其它一些优点：坚韧性、可回收性及最令人意想不到的——美观。伴茂已用纸质管材建造了许多房屋、亭棚和教堂，其中一部分已成为永世之作。“我以前就对非钢性建材感兴趣。”42岁的伴茂说，“无论什么时候只要有新型材料或结构体系的发明，我们就能创建出标新立异的建筑物。”然而，相对于许多以钢筋和玻璃为建材的现代建筑师，伴茂也许更接近早期现代主义者的理想。他想让所有民众，甚至那些最贫困者，都能感受到建筑之美。
早在20世纪80年代，伴茂就首先开始把纸质管形材料用于陈设布展。由于这种管形材料的承重性能给人留下很深的印象（他称之为“改良型木材”），所以在1995年也就是神户发生地震之后，伴茂又想到了这种纸质管材，并用34层厚纸板的捐赠管材盖了一个社区大厅和一些房屋。在联合国工作期间，伴茂还将用纸质管材建造的房屋运往了土耳其和卢旺达。“难民营也应该美观一些，”他说，“难民们内心受到了创伤。他们的居住环境应该好一点。”
伴茂设计的并不全是公用设施，他还成功地将丑小鸭似的纸板处理成了美丽的天鹅。在德国汉诺威举行的2000年世界园艺博览会上，伴茂为日本所建的大型展棚，以纸质管材作棚架，呈现波浪状，上覆纸质天篷，好似华盖顶天的四轮马车。最近，纽约市现代艺术博物馆的花园上空突然搭建起了8吨重、27米长纸质管材制的拱形结构，这种方格花状的拱形结构铸造出了一个波浪起伏、叠影交错的顶棚。
伴茂的设计作品对地球的压力很轻，这在很多方面都有所表现。2000年世界园艺博览会后，他建造的纸质日本展棚将送往纸张回收中心，再变回造纸用的纸浆。泥砖建造的房屋能有如此之举吗？
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