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注册会计师-会计英语 Debt Reorganization 专题八 债务重组
专题八 债务重组 Subject 8: Debt Reorganization
一、 考情分析
本专题内容属于基础内容,相对来讲比较简单,单独以综合题形式考察的可能性不是很大,更多可能是结合非货币性资产交换、借款费用、日后事项等在综合题中进行考察。
二、 常用词汇归纳总结Glossary pay off debts(obligations)
三、 详细讲解
考点一:债务重组的定义Definition of Debt Reorganization
债务重组,是指在债务人发生财务困难的情况下, 债权人按照其与债务人达成的协议或者法院的裁定作出让步的事项。
Debt reorganization, or debt restructuring, is an arrangement involving both the creditor and the debtor that the creditors make concessions based on the agreement with debtors or judiciary verdict when the debtors come across financial distress.
债务人发生财务困难,是指因债务人出现资金周转困难、经营陷入困境或者其他方面的原因,导致其无法或者没有能力按原定条件偿还债务。
'Financial Distress' is a condition where a company has difficulty paying off its financial obligations to its creditors. Such as lacking of working capital, poor trading conditions or other reasons.
债权人作出让步,是指债权人同意发生财务困难的债务人现在或者将来以低于重组债务账面价值的金额或者价值偿还债务。“债权人作出让步”的情形主要包括:债权人减免债务人部分债务本金或者利息、降低债务人应付债务的利率等。
The creditors may make concessions and allow the debtors now or later to pay the amount that less than the book value of restructured debts. The conditions of making concessions could be the creditors reduce or suspend part of the debt principles or interests, or decrease the debtors’ interest rate of the obligations.
考点二:以资产清偿债务的会计处理Using asset to repay debt
(一)以现金清偿债务to repay its debt in cash
1.债务人 Accounting treatment in debtor’s company
以现金清偿债务的,债务人应当将重组债务的账面价值与实际支付现金之间的差额,确认为债务重组利得,计入营业外收入。
If cash is used by debtors to pay off the obligation, then the difference between the book value of reorganized obligation and actual cash payment should be recognized as gain from the debt reorganization and recorded as other business income.
2.债权人 Accounting treatment in creditor’s company
债权人应当将重组债权的账面余额与收到的现金之间的差额,应当先将该差额冲减减值准备,冲减后债权尚有余额的,差额在借方,计入营业外支出;差额在贷方冲减当期资产减值损失。
The difference between the closing book value of reorganized debtors and received cash should be written off against provision for impairment and thereafter the debit balance should be recorded as other business expense while the credit balance should be written off against the current impairment loss.
(二)以非现金资产清偿债务to repay its debt using non-cash assets
1.债务人
(1)将重组债务的账面价值与转让的非现金资产的公允价值之间的差额,计入营业外收入。
The difference between the fair value of transferred non-cash assets and the book value of debt restructuring should be recorded in P & L of current year.
(2)转让的非现金资产的公允价值与其账面价值的差额为转让资产损益,计入当期损益。
The difference between the book value and fair value of the transferred non-cash assets should be recorded as gain or loss resulted from the transferred assets in current year’s P & L.
分别下列情况进行处理:
It should be respectively dealt with as following:
①抵债资产为存货的,按其公允价值确认销售收入,同时结转销售成本;
If stock is regarded as mortgage asset, then the sales revenue should be recognized at its fair value and carried forward to cost of goods sold.
②抵债资产为固定资产、无形资产的,其公允价值和账面价值的差额,计入营业外收入或营业外支出;
If fixed assets and intangible asset are regarded as mortgage assets and the difference between their fair value and book value should be recorded as other business income or other business expense.
③抵债资产为股票、债券等金融资产的,其公允价值和账面价值的差额,计入投资收益。
If financial assets such as shares or debentures etc are regarded as mortgage assets, the difference between their fair value and book value should be recorded as investment income.
④抵债资产为投资性房地产的,按其公允价值确认其他业务收入,同时结转其他业务成本;
If investment real estates are regarded as mortgage assets and then its fair value should be recognized as other business income and carried forward to other business cost.
债务人在转让非现金资产过程中发生的一些税费,如运杂费等,直接计入转让资产损益。
The expenses such as freight and miscellaneous expense that incurs during the transfer of non-cash assets, the debtor should record it directly as gain or loss resulted from assets transfer.
2.债权人
债务人以非现金资产清偿债务,债权人在债务重组日,按照非现金资产的公允价值作为受让资产的入账价值,重组债权的账面余额与受让的非现金资产的公允价值之间的差额,应当先将该差额先冲减坏账准备,冲减后,差额在借方计入营业外支出;差额在贷方冲减当期资产减值损失。
When debtors repay debts using non-cash assets, at the date of debt reorganization, the debtors should record the fair value of the non-cash assets as entry value. The difference of fair value between the closing book value of reorganized debtor and the transferred non-cash assets should be firstly written off against ‘ provision for bad debts’ and then the debit balance will be recorded as other business expense while the credit balance will be written off against the ‘impairment loss’.
债权人为受让资产发生的运杂费、保险费等,应计入相关受让资产的价值。
The expense incurred when receiving transferred assets, the expense such as freight and miscellaneous expense and insurance etc should be recorded as relevant value of the transferred assets.
考点三:债务转为资本Conversion of debt into capital
(一)债务人
对债务人而言,将债务转为资本,应当将债权人放弃债权而享有股份的面值总额(或者股权份额)确认为股本(或者实收资本),股份(或者股权)的公允价值总额与股本(或者实收资本)之间的差额确认为股本溢价(或者资本溢价)计入资本公积。将重组债务的账面价值与股权的公允价值之间的差额,计入营业外收入。
For debtors, the conversion of debt into capital means that the debtors forfeit debts and the value of their holding shares (or number of shares) should be recognized as share capital (or paid up capital). The difference between the total fair value of shares (or equity) and the share capital (or paid up capital) should be recognized as share premium (or capital premium) and recorded as capital reserve. The difference between the book value of reorganized debt and the fair value of equity should be recorded as other business income.
(二)债权人
在债务重组日,应将享有股权的公允价值确认为对债务人的投资,重组债权的账面余额与因放弃债权而享有的股权的公允价值之间的差额,应当先将该差额冲减减值准备,冲减后债权尚有余额的,差额在借方,计入营业外支出;差额在贷方冲减当期资产减值损失。
At the date of debt reorganization, the fair value of equity should be recognized as the debtor’s investment. The difference between the closing book value of reorganized debtors and the fair value of equity should be written off against ‘provision for impairment’ and thereafter the debit balance should be recorded as other business expense while the credit balance should be written off against the current impairment loss.
考点四:修改其他债务条件Debt rescheduling
(一)债务人的会计处理
1.修改其他债务条件的,债务人应当将修改其他债务条件后债务的公允价值作为重组后债务的入账价值。重组债务的账面价值与重组后债务的入账价值之间的差额,计入当期损益。
If the terms or conditions being changed, the fair value of the revised debt should be recorded as entry value as the debt after reorganization. The difference between the book value of reorganized debt and the entry value the debt after reorganization should be recorded in current year’s P & L.
2.修改后的债务条款如涉及或有应付金额,且该或有应付金额符合《企业会计准则第13 号——或有事项》中有关预计负债确认条件的,债务人应当将该或有应付金额确认为预计负债。重组债务的账面价值,与重组后债务的入账价值和预计负债金额之和的差额,计入当期损益。
If contingent payment involved in the modified terms or conditions, and the contingent payment meets the conditions for recognizing expected liabilities in Section 13 in ASBE – Contingency. The contingent payment should be recognized as expected liabilities. The total amount of the entry value of reorganized debt and amount of expected liabilities, and the difference between this amount and the book value of reorganized debt should be recorded in current year’s P & L.
上述或有应付金额在随后会计期间没有发生的,企业应当冲销已确认的预计负债,同时确认营业外收入。
The entity should write off the recognized expected liabilities and recognize the amount as other business income if the above stated contingent payment is not incurred in the subsequent period.
(二)债权人的会计处理
1.债务重组以修改其他债务条件进行的,债权人应当将修改其他债务条件后的债权的公允价值作为重组后债权的账面价值,重组债权的账面余额与重组后债权的账面价值之间的差额,计入当期损益。债权人已对债权计提减值准备的,应当先将该差额冲减减值准备,减值准备不足以冲减的部分,计入当期损益。
This type of reorganization, the book value of reorganized debtors should be the fair value of rescheduled debts. And the difference between the closing book value of reorganized debtors and the book value of the debtors after reorganization should be recorded as gain or loss in current period. The difference should be use firstly written off against the provision for impairment if the creditors have recorded impairment. And the insufficient amount of impairment should be recorded as gain or loss in current period.
2.修改后的债务条款中涉及或有应收金额的,债权人不应当确认或有应收金额,不得将其计入重组后债权的账面价值(遵循的是谨慎性要求)。
If contingent receivables involved in the revised terms and conditions of debts, the creditors should not recognize the contingent receivables and should not record it as book value of debtors after the debt reorganization ( as required by conservative principle)
上述或有应收金额实际发生时,计入当期损益。
The above stated contingent receivables should be recorded as gain or loss in current period once the amount being received.
考点五:以上三种方式组合方式的债务重组
(一)债务人的会计处理
债务重组以现金清偿债务、非现金资产清偿债务、债务转为资本、修改其他债务条件等方式的组合进行的,债务人应当依次以支付的现金、转让的非现金资产公允价值、债权人享有股份的公允价值冲减重组债务的账面价值,再按照债务人修改其他债务条件的规定进行会计处理。
Once the above mentioned 4 types of debt reorganization being applied, the cash paid, the fair value of transferred non-cash assets, fair value of equity should be written off against the book value of reorganized debt successively. And the debtors rescheduled terms and conditions of debts will be then dealt with in accounting treatment.
(二)债权人的会计处理
债务重组采用以现金清偿债务、非现金资产清偿债务、债务转为资本、修改其他债务条件等方式的组合进行的,债权人应当依次以收到的现金、接受的非现金资产公允价值、债权人享有股份的公允价值冲减重组债权的账面余额,再按债权人修改其他债务条件的规定进行会计处理。
Once the above mentioned 4 types of debt reorganization being applied, the cash paid, the fair value of transferred non-cash assets, fair value of equity should be written off against the closing book value of reorganized debtors successively. And the creditors rescheduled terms and conditions of debts will be then dealt with in accounting treatment.
【例题1·计算题】A、B公司均为增值税一般纳税企业,双方增值税税率均为17%。A公司应收B公司的货款为800万元(含增值税)。由于B公司资金周转困难,至2009年12月31日尚未支付货款。双方协商于2010年1月1日达成以下协议:
(1)以银行存款偿还50万元;
(2)以一台生产设备(2009年初购建)偿还一部分债务。该设备的原值为390万元,已计提折旧10万元,公允价值(即计税价值)为400万元;另支付清理费用2万元;
(3)以B公司持有C公司的一项股权投资清偿。该股权投资划分为可供出售金融资产,其中“成本”为100万元、“公允价值变动”为35万元(借方余额),未计提减值准备,已宣告但未领取的现金股利10万元,公允价值为150万元(包含已宣告但未领取的现金股利10万元);
(4)在上述抵债的基础上免除债务32万元,剩余债务展期2年,展期内加收利息,利率为6%(与实际利率相同),同时附或有条件,如果B公司在2年内实现利润,则利率上升至10%,如果亏损仍维持6%的利率。
假定2010年1月1日B公司以银行存款50万元支付给A公司,并办理了股权划转手续,开具了增值税专用发票。A公司取得C公司股权后,作为交易性金融资产核算。A公司应收B公司的账款已计提坏账准备2万元。B公司预计展期2年内很可能实现净利润。
要求:做出债务重组日A、B公司的账务处理。(答案中的金额单位用万元表示)
【答案】
(1)A公司(债权人)会计处理:
未来应收金额=800-50-400×1.17-150-32=100(万元)
借:银行存款 50
固定资产 400
应交税费—应交增值税(进项税额) 68
交易性金融资产-成本 140
应收股利 10
应收账款—债务重组 100
坏账准备 2
营业外支出 30
贷:应收账款 800
(2)B公司(债务人)会计处理:
未来应付金额=800-50-400×1.17-150-32=100(万元)
预计负债=100×4%×2=8(万元)
债务重组利得=800-50-400×1.17-150-100-8=24(万元)
借:固定资产清理 380
累计折旧 10
贷:固定资产 390
借:固定资产清理 2
贷:银行存款 2
借:应付账款 800
资本公积 35
贷:银行存款 50
固定资产清理 382
营业外收入 18(400-382)
应交税费—应交增值税(销项税额) 68
可供出售金融资产—成本 100
—公允价值变动 35
应收股利 10
投资收益 40(150-100-10)
应付账款—债务重组 100
预计负债 8
营业外收入—债务重组利得 24
a) A公司(债权人)会计处理
Accounting treatment for company A ( the debtor)
Future receivables
=8,000,000-500,000-4,000,000×1.17-1,500,000-320,000
=1,000,000
Dr:(Bank deposit) 500,000
Fixed assets 4,000,000
Taxes payable — VAT payable 680,000
Transactional financial assets-cost 1,400,000
Dividends receivable 100,000
Accounts receivable-debt reorganization 1,000,000
Provision for bad debt 20,000
Other business expense 300,000
Cr:Accounts receivable 8,000,000
(2)B公司(债务人)会计处理:
Accounting treatment for Company B( debtor)
未来应付金额( future amounts payable)
=8,000,000-500,000-4,000,000×1.17-1,500,000-320,000=1,000,000(万元)
预计负债(expected liabilities)
=1,000,000×4%×2=80,000(万元)
债务重组利得( gain or loss from the reorganization)
=8,000,000-500,000-4,000,000×1.17-1,500,000-1,000,000-80,000=240,000(万元)
Dr:Disposal of fixe assets 3,800,000
Accumulated depreciation 100,000
Cr:Fixed assets 3,900,000
Dr:Disposal of fixed assets 20,000
Cr:Bank deposit 20,000
Dr:Accounts payable 8,000,000
Capital reserve 350,000
Cr:Bank deposit 500,000
Disposal of fixe assets 3,820,000
Other business income 180,000(4,000,000-3,820,000)
Taxes payable – VAT payable(VAT on sales) 680,000
Financial assets for sale – cost 1,000,000
—Change of fair value 350,000
Dividends receivable 100,000
Investment income (1,500,000-1,000,000-100,000) 400,000
Accounts payable-debt reorganization 1,000,000
Expected liabilities 80,000
Other business income— 240,000
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